High Blood Pressure (Systemic Hypertension) in our Pets

The Pet Health Care Library

            High blood pressure is an extremely important concern in human medicine.  A high stress lifestyle, smoking, and high salt diet all contribute to this potentially dangerous condition and virtually everyone in the U.S. knows how serious it can be.  But what about our pets?  They don’t smoke or worry about the mortgage and they don’t deposit cholesterol in their blood vessels.  They do, however, get high blood pressure, especially in age, and here is what you probably should know.

What does High Blood Pressure Do?

            Problems from high blood pressure arise when a blood vessel gets too small for the high pressure flow going through it.
  Imagine attaching a garden hose to a fire hydrant.  The pressure would cause the garden hose to explode and that is
what happens to a blood vessel too small for the pressure going through it.  Instead of water going everywhere, as in the
 garden hose analogy, bleeding results.  Since the affected vessels are small, the bleeding may not be noticeable but a lot
 of little bleeds and a lot of blood vessel destruction can create big problems over time.

            The retina of the eye is especially at risk, with either sudden or gradual blindness often being the first sign of
 latent high blood pressure.  The kidney also is a target as it relies on tiny vessels to filter toxins from the bloodstream.
 Kidney disease is an important cause of high blood pressure and also progresses far more rapidly in the presence of high
blood pressure.

            High blood pressure also increases the risk of embolism: tiny blood clots that form when blood flow is abnormal. 

These clots can lodge in an assortment of inopportune locations including the brain.

What Causes High Blood Pressure in Pets?

            There are numerous diseases in pets that are associated with high blood pressure:

·         Chronic Renal (kidney) Failure In one study, 93% of dogs with chronic renal failure and 61% of cats with
chronic renal failure also had systemic hypertension.

·         Hyperthyroidism In one study, 87% of cats with untreated hyperthyroidism had systemic hypertension. 
(Note: hyperthyroidism is a feline disease only.)

·         Glomerular disease Is a disease of the kidney filtration system in which protein is lost in urine.  It is
 important to screen pets with high blood pressure for urinary protein as control of protein loss is
important to survival time.

·         Cushing’s Disease (an adrenal cortisone excess)

·         Diabetes Mellitus (inability to properly reduce blood sugar)

·         Acromegaly (growth hormone excess)

·         Polycythemia (an excess in red blood cells)

·         Pheochromocytoma (an adrenaline secreting tumor of the adrenal glands)

In humans, high blood pressure is frequently considered “primary,” meaning there is

no underlying disease causing it.  In animals, primary hypertension is unusual; there is almost always another
disease causing it and if routine screening does not identify the problem, more tests may be in order.

How is High Blood Pressure identified?

            In human medicine, high blood pressure is called the silent killer because most people have no reason to
 think they might be hypertensive.  To find high blood pressure in people, we screen for it.  This means that virtually
any time you see a doctor of any kind, a nurse will take your blood pressure.  Similarly, in pets, a great deal of high blood
pressure is identified by screening.  If a pet has one of the above conditions, blood pressure is generally checked. 
It has recently been recommended that older pets have their blood pressure checked whenever they have a physical examination.
 If you own a pet over age 9, be sure to ask for a blood pressure check if it has not been recommended to you.

            The other time high blood pressure is discovered is when it makes its presence known.  This usually means some
degree of blindness or some other obvious eye problem.  The retina of a hypertensive patient develops tortuous-looking
 retinal blood vessels.  Some vessels may even have broken, showing smudges of blood on the retinal surface.  Some
areas of the retina simply detach.  Sometimes the entire retina detaches.  With early identification, some vision may be
 restored.  Do not let minor vision changes go unreported.  Let your veterinarian know if you think your pet’s vision
is not normal. 

            Retinal changes can be complicated to interpret.  Do not be surprised or alarmed if your veterinarian
recommends referral to a veterinary ophthalmologist.

How do we Measure Blood Pressure in Pets?

            Blood pressure measurement is performed similarly to the way it is in humans.  An inflatable cuff is fit snuggly
 around the pet’s foot or foreleg.  Sometimes the base of the tail can be used.  The cuff is inflated so as to occlude
 blood flow through the superficial artery.  In a person, as the cuff is slowly deflated, a stethoscope is used to listen for
 the point when the blood pressure is adequate to pump through the partially occluded vessel.  This point on the pressure
gauge is the systolic blood pressure.  The cuff is further deflated until the vessel is open and no more sounds are made. 
This point represents the diastolic blood pressure.

            In animals, the stethoscope is just not sensitive enough and an ultrasonic probe must be taped or held over
 the artery.  Using ultrasound, the sound of the systolic pressure is converted into an audible signal.  It is not possible
 to measure diastolic pressure in a pet without actually placing a catheter inside an artery so we make do with just a
systolic measurement.  In pets, this measurement should not exceed 160.  A reading of 180 is considered by the
American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine to indicate high risk for organ damage.

            Some pets (obviously) are nervous at the vet’s office and this factor must be taken into account when reading blood
pressure.  It is possible for a pet to have high blood pressure at the vet’s office and normal pressure at all other times.

            One might think this would be a common situation but most pets are able to maintain normal blood pressure despite
being surrounded by hospital staff.

To account for the “White Coat Effect,” at least five measurements are taken so that the pet becomes accustomed to
 the process and understands that no pain is involved.

What Treatment is Available for Hypertension?

            When ocular disease is present, special eye drops may be required depending on how much the eye is bleeding
 and whether or not return of vision is likely.  (Here is one area where an ophthalmology specialist may be especially able to help.)

            When hypertension is identified, a search for the underlying cause is indicated.  It may be that controlling the
underlying disease totally reverses the hypertension (especially true for hyperthyroid cats).

            Beyond these methods, as with people, medication to actually lower blood pressure is often in order.  This
typically involves some type of pill that dilates peripheral blood vessels, effectively making them larger so as to
accommodate the high pressure blood flow going through them.

            Enalapril, an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, is the usual first choice for dogs.  It is typically
given once or twice daily.

            Amlodipine, a calcium channel blocker, is the usual first choice for cats.  It is typically given once daily. 
These pills are very small, so we recommend that the owner buy a pill cutter for more accurate dosing.  Alternatively,
 a compounding pharmacy can create accurately-sized capsules or even a flavored liquid.

            Salt restriction in the diet is controversial; it seems to make sense but there is not enough data at present
 to whole-heartedly recommend it.  Certainly, if the pet has kidney disease, the recommendation is less equivocal as
 these low salt diets are designed with other features more specifically for kidney disease.  This generally means a
dry or canned formula prescription diet if the pet will eat it or a diet limited to dry food if the pet will not accept prescription food.

            Appropriate home cooked diets may be designed with a veterinary nutritionist such as
Dr. Rebecca Remillard at www.petdiets.com.

            Hypertensive patients should be rechecked every 2 to 4 months to keep their blood pressure in a healthy range.

Research on this Topic

            Effect of Control of Systolic Blood Pressure of Survival in Cats with Systemic Hypertension. Jepson, R.E., Elliott, J., Brodbelt, D.,
Syme H.M. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2007; 21: 402-409.

In this study 141 pet cats with high blood pressure were studied.  In these cats, 87% were found to have
either evidence of renal failure (increased BUN or creatinine tests) or hyperthyroidism or both.  Amlodipine besylate
 was used to treat hypertension in these cats and in 50% of the cats, the initial dose eventually proved inadequate
and an increase was necessary.  Blood pressure was stabilized within one to two recheck visits for 96% of cats, with a
 median time of 20 days required to achieve blood pressure stabilization.  Blood pressure was more difficult to control
in the long term for cats with higher urinary protein loss.

Copyright 2007 – 2009 by the Veterinary Information Network,  Inc. All rights reserved.

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